Research & Development
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How Bacteriophages Work: The Viral Attack on Bacteria
Bacteriophages (phages) eliminate bacteria through a precise, multi-step process called the lytic cycle. Here's a breakdown of their mechanism:
1.Attachment (Target Locking)
• Process: Phages use tail fibers to recognize and bind to specific surface receptors on bacteria
• Specificity: Like a key-lock system (e.g., T4 phage only attaches to E. coli)
• Visual: [Insert icon: phage "docking" on bacterial surface]
2. Genetic Injection (Hijack Start)
• Action: Phage injects its DNA/RNA through the tail into the bacterial cell
• Tool: Tail acts like a molecular syringe
• Result: Bacterial machinery is commandeered
3. Replication (Viral Takeover)
| Stage | Bacterial Cell Activity | Outcome |
| Early Phase | Stops normal bacterial functions | Host metabolism redirected |
| Mid Phase | Mass-produces phage DNA & proteins | 50-200 new phage parts created |
| Late Phase | Assembles complete new phage particles | Bacterial resources exhausted |
4. Lysis (Destructive Exit)
• Enzymes: Phage produces endolysins (cell wall-breaking enzymes)
• Effect: Bacterial cell bursts like an overinflated balloon
• Release: 100+ new phages erupt to infect nearby bacteria
• Efficiency: Exponential bacterial killing (1 phage → 100 → 10,000 in hours)
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